Julius Caesar in Shakespeares play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 571 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/25 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Julius Caesar Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Shakespeares play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar is really close to having total control by becoming the emperor of Rome. However, when he thinks he is so close to getting away with it, his so called friends (most of them are from the senate) decide to overthrow him, along with Caesars best friend, Marcus Brutus, who act as a leader of the conspirators. Though the fall of Caesar from an extremely powerful and respected man to a man whos been betrayed and stabbed twenty three times in the back and dies is a big step down, however he is not the tragic hero of this ever so tragic play.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Julius Caesar in Shakespeares play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar" essay for you Create order Brutus is considered the tragic hero of this play because he was faced with major conflicts, he was stuck between choosing his loyalty to Caesar, or his loyalty to Rome. Brutus decides to stay loyal to Rome because even though his connection with Caesar is strong, his connection with the people of Rome is stronger. After Brutus killed Caesar he goes onto say Not that I lovd Caesar less, but that I lovd Rome more. (3.2.15) This shows that Brutus is willing to do anything for the empire that he is extremely loyal to, even if it means the death of his friend is on his hands. Brutus has support from the people of Rome and does not want them to lose their power because of Caesar. Because people who strongly dislike Caesar (The conspirators and people from the senate) know about Brutus loyalty to his empire, they are able to take advantage of him and convince him to go along with their plan to kill Caesar.Brutus chooses to go along with their plan because he believes it is what is best for Rome. However, some people claim that Caesar is the tragic hero. The reason for this is not the fact that he is the leader (well that might have something to do with it), but people say this because Caesar is of noble stature when Caesar is offered a crown from Antony he refuses it three times while the people of Rome watch, Aye marry wast, and he put it by thrice, every time gentler than the others, and every putting-by mine honest neighbors shouted (1.2.225). The People of Rome see this as respectful and noble. People also claim this because Caesars downfall was caused by injustice. Brutus still remains the tragic hero. He stayed loyal to his empire no matter the cost, he killed his most trusted friend just so the Roman people could be free. If that does not prove someone is a hero I do not know what will. Brutus also killed himself out of guilt from killing Caesar. As proven, Brutus is clearly the tragic hero of this play. He was constantly faced with choosing who he has to stay loyal to. He does what he thinks is best for his country therefore making him a hero. Brutus consistently shows his loyalty to Rome and Romes people, he wants what is best for them no matter the cost. Maybe next time you read a book you should see who the real tragic hero is. It just might surprise you. It might be the person you least expected it to be. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Literature and the Language Arts Understanding Literature, e dited by Laurie Skiba, EMC/Paradigm Publishing, 2005, 246-338.

Causes of the French Revolution Essay - 1464 Words

Causes of the French Revolution The French Revolution happened in France around the period 1789-92 (although these dates are disputed by historians), and resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy and the Ancien Rà ©gime (the system of government). The monarchy in France had been established for many centuries, and the causes of the Revolution were deeply-rooted, including the problems with the Ancien Rà ©gime, the growth of nationalism, the influence of philosophers, and the example of the American Revolution. In the short term, there were other factors that precipitated the French Revolution, and these included the character of Louis XVI (the reigning French monarch at the time), the Bankruptcy of the French Crown, and, in the†¦show more content†¦The high taxation and bad conditions of peasants gave them the incentive to do away with the Ancien Rà ©gime. The middle classes of the time found perhaps more grievances with the Ancien Rà ©gime than the peasants. The middle classes resented being lumped in the third estate with the peasants, and resented being excluded from positions of office, such as in the army, navy and diplomatic services. They were unable to openly criticise the government without risking harsh punishment; they lacked religious freedom; they wanted lower taxes for Free Trade. In addition to this, the monarch exercised complete power in France; France was an autocracy. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the will of the sovereign was law (``The thing is legal because I wish it - Louis XVI). Critics of the government could be arrested via a royal writ (a lettre de cachet) without trial. Earlier on, the French provinces (à ©tats) were each represented by their own parlement, but these had declined by the 18th century. The States-General (which bore a closer resemblance to Englands parliament) had not been called since 1614. Lastly, the parlement of Paris, which registered the Kings edicts, was the only body left that could have opposed the King, but by the 19th century had no real power to reject the edicts. The upshot of this was that there no formal opposition to the government, and the masses had no say in government. The monarchy had the power to grossly misgovern theShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The French Revolution1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution of 1789 was one of the biggest upheavals in history. You may be wondering what exactly led this to happen, but there were multiple long range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions ultimately led to the discontent of many French people especially those of the third estate. The ideals of the Enlightenment brought new views to government and society. Before the revolution, the majority of France were living in poverty. Peasants were entirelyRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution906 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution began with a corrupt monarch, and ended with the death of thousands. In 1789 the bourgeoisie (middle class) and peasants revolted against King Louis XVI and nobility, citing various reasons as cause: including corruption and a poor economy. These people, making up 97% of the population, were known as the third estate. The original purpose of the revolution was to create a constitutional monarchy, but this idea quickly became lost in the radical ideas of the revolution. HoweverRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution991 Words   |  4 PagesFor six of the eight causes of revolution, describe two events, actions or beliefs (evidence) during the years before the French Revolution that led to a developing revolutionary situation. Explain how each contributed to the revolutionary situation. Frances failed attempts at economic reform contributed heavily to the developing revolutionary situation. In August 1787, when the parlements refused to implement the Kings proposed changes to the financial system, it became clear that the Kings authorityRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution911 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution was a major turning point in all of European history. The old regime was destroyed and a new order came to be. We will talk about the causes of the revolution, when it ended, and if it was violent, Napoleon, what happened after his defeat, and some other leaders, and movies I have seen about the Revolution and how they were correct, plus other things I want to learn. The immediate cause of the French Revolution in 1789 was the near collapse of the French budget. On theRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution750 Words   |  3 PagesA revolution is a drastic change in the way something is done, such as a government or an economy. One such revolution took place in France where the government was changed several times, many different people obtained power, and traditional ideas were questioned. The French Revolution had many social, political, and economic factors that caused it, and it was very impactful on the people of France, and on the areas outside of it. There were many causes of the French Revolution; some were politicalRead MoreThe Causes Of The French Revolution902 Words   |  4 Pagesthe French Revolution was not caused by one single phenomenon, however it can be said that the events occurring in accordance with the French Revolution were not only terrifying but when looking through our eyes just clearly wrong. The most significant reasons for the French Revolution are the imbalance of equality, power, and rights these reasons are supported by the ideas of liberty and fraternity which developed from the enlightenment era philosophers. In conclusion to the French Revolution theRead MoreFrench Revolution Causes1139 Words   |  5 Pages The French Revolution was not an event that happened overnight but rather a series of events that occurred over several years leading up to the overthrow of the monarchy and the implementation of a new government. The Primary cause for the fall of the Ancien regime was its financial instability and inability to improve upon the lives of the French people. The 4 key flaws or events leading to the fall of the regime was; the structure of royal government, the taxation system, the structure of frenchRead MoreThe Causes Of The French Revolution1522 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution was arguably one of the most significant and controversial events in European history. It occurred during the years 1789-1799 when many French citizens became enraged with society and demanded political, financial and social change. The French people’s primary goal was to put an end to monarchy and bring reform to many aspects of French life. Inspired and motivated by the famous American Revolution, French citizens were urged to take action in orderRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution3450 Words   |  14 PagesTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799) The French Revolution was a watershed event that changed Europe irrevocably and ended a century of slowly increasing opposition to absolutism and the supremacy of a decadent aristocracy. The causes of the French Revolution are difficult to pin down. Therefore, we will divide them into long-term and immediate causes. Within long-term causes, we will also define intellectual, political and economic causes. Long-Term Intellectual Causes Before a movement can reachRead MoreThe Cause Of The French Revolution2375 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cause of the French Revolution Throughout history, what remains true is that the people are the ones who start a revolution. And when around 98% of a population is suffering to make a living, there is little hope for those in power. Taxes levied only on the common folk, crippling wars that left France with huge debts, and the careless spending of the upper classes ultimately lead to the start of the revolution. The main political cause was that the King had too much power but weak foreign policy

Family Planning Essay Sample free essay sample

Combined unwritten preventives. Introduced in 1960. â€Å"the Pill† has played an instrumental function in household planning for decennaries. Family planning is the planning of when to hold kids. [ 1 ] and the usage of birth control [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and other techniques to implement such programs. Other techniques normally used include gender instruction. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] bar and direction of sexually transmitted infections. [ 3 ] pre-conception reding [ 3 ] and direction. and infertility direction. [ 2 ] Family planning is taking the figure of kids in a household and the length of clip between their births. [ 5 ] Family planning is sometimes used as a equivalent word for the usage of birth control. nevertheless. it frequently includes a broad assortment of methods. and patterns that are non birth control. It is most normally applied to a female-male twosome who wish to restrict the figure of kids they have and/or to command the timing of gestation ( besides known as spacing kids ) . F amily be aftering may embrace sterilisation. every bit good as abortion. [ 6 ] Family planning services are defined as â€Å"educational. comprehensive medical or societal activities which enable persons. including bush leagues. to find freely the figure and spacing of their kids and to choose the agencies by which this may be achieved. † [ 4 ] Purposes Raising a kid requires important sums of resources: clip. [ 7 ] societal. fiscal. [ 8 ] and environmental. Planing can assist guarantee that resources are available. The intent of household planning is to do certain that any twosome. adult male. or adult female who has the desire to hold a kid has the resources that are needed in order to finish this end. [ 9 ] [ doubtful – discuss ] With these resources a twosome. adult male or adult females can research the options of natural birth. surrogacy. unreal insemination or acceptance. In the other instance. if the individual does non wish to hold a kid at the specific clip. they can look into the resources that are needed to forestall gestation. such as birth control. preventives. or physical protection and bar. Health Waiting until the female parent is at least 18 old ages old earlier seeking to hold kids improves maternal and child wellness. [ 10 ] Besides. if extra kids are desired after a kid is born. it is healthier for the female parent and the kid to wait at least 2 old ages after the old birth before trying to gestate ( but non more than 5 old ages ) . [ 10 ] After a abortion or abortion. it is healthier to wait at least 6 months. [ 10 ] When be aftering a household adult females who are over the age of 35 should be cognizant of the hazards of holding a kid at that age. Older adult females are at a higher hazard of holding a kid with autism and down syndrome. the opportunities of holding multiple births additions. which cause farther late-pregnancy hazards. they have an increased opportunity of developing gestational diabetes. the demand for a Caesarian-section is greater. older women’s organic structures are non as well-suited for presenting a babe. The hazard of drawn-out labour is higher. Older female parents have a higher hazard of a long labour. seting the babe in hurt. [ 11 ] â€Å"Family be aftering benefits the wellness and wellbeing of adult females and households throughout the universe. Using contraceptive method can assist to avoid unwanted gestations and infinite births ; protect against STDs. including HIV/AIDS ; and supply other wellness benefits. † [ 12 ] Modern methodsModern methods of household be aftering include birth control. assisted generative engineering and household planning plans. In instances were twosomes may non desire to hold kids merely yet and program with clip household planning plans help a batch. Federal household planning plans reduced childbearing among hapless adult females by every bit much as 29 per centum. harmonizing to a University of Michigan survey. [ 13 ] Adoption sometimes used to construct a household. There are seven stairss that one must do towards acceptance. You must make up ones mind to prosecute an acceptance. use to follow. finish an acceptance place survey. acquire approved to follow. be matched with a kid. have an adoptive arrangement. and so legalise the acceptance. [ 14 ] Birth control Birth control are techniques used to forestall unwanted gestation. There are a scope of prophylactic methods. each with alone advantages and disadvantages. Any of the widely recognized methods of birth control is much more effectual than no method. Behavioral methods that include intercourse. such as backdown and calendar based methods have little up front cost and are readily available. but are much less effectual in typical usage than most other methods. Long-acting reversible prophylactic methods. such as IUD and implant are extremely effectual and convenient. necessitating small user action. When cost of failure is included. IUDs and vasectomy are much less dearly-won than other methods. In add-on to supplying birth control. male or female rubbers protect against sexually transmitted diseases ( STD ) . Condoms may be used entirely. or in add-on to other methods. as backup or to forestall STD. Surgical methods ( tubal ligation. vasectomy ) provide long term contraceptive method for those who have completed their households. [ 15 ] Assisted genera tive engineering Some households use modern medical progresss in household planning. For illustration in surrogacy interventions a adult female agrees to go pregnant and present a kid for another twosome or individual. There are two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational. Traditional Surrogacy is where the Surrogate uses her ain eggs AND carries the kid for her Intended Parents. This process is done in a doctor’s office through IUI. This type of surrogacy evidently includes a familial connexion between the alternate and the kid. Legally talking. the Surrogate will hold to disclaim any involvement in the kid to finish the transportation to the Intended Parents. A gestational surrogacy occurs when the Intended Mother’s or a donor egg is fertilized outside the organic structure and so the embryos are transferred into the womb. The adult female who carries the kid is frequently referred to as a Gestational Carrier. The legal stairss to corroborate parenthood with the Intended Parents are by and large easier than in a traditional because there is no familial connexion between kid and Carrier. [ 16 ] In sperm contributions. gestations are normally achieved utilizing donated sperm by unreal insemination ( either by intracervical insemination or intrauterine insemination ) and less normally by invitro fertilisation ( IVF ) . normally known in this context as Assisted generative engineering ( ART ) . but insemination may besides be achieved by a giver holding sexual intercourse with a adult female for the exclusive intent of originating construct. This method is known as natural insemination ( NI ) . Function of a woman’s ovarian modesty. follicular kineticss and associated biomarkers can give an single forecast about future opportunities of gestation. easing an informed pick of when to hold kids. [ 17 ] Fundss Family planning is among the most cost-efficient of all wellness intercessions. [ 18 ] â€Å"The cost nest eggs stem from a decrease in unintended gestation. every bit good as a decrease in transmittal of sexually transmitted infections. including HIV. † [ 18 ] Childbirth and antenatal wellness attention cost averaged $ 7. 090 for normal bringing in the US in 1996. [ 19 ] US Department of Agriculture estimates that for a kid born in 2007. a US household will pass an norm of $ 11. 000 to $ 23. 000 per twelvemonth for the first 17 old ages of child’s life. [ 7 ] ( Entire rising prices adjusted estimated outgo: $ 196. 000 to $ 393. 000. depending on household income. ) [ 7 ] Policy A household be aftering installation in Kuala Terengganu. Malaysia. See besides: International Planned Parenthood Federation. Marie Stopes International. and United States Agency for International Development The world’s largest international beginning of support for population and generative wellness plans is the United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) . The chief ends of the International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action are: †¢Universal entree to reproductive wellness services by 2015 †¢Universal primary instruction and shuting the gender spread in instruction by 2015 †¢Reducing maternal mortality by 75 % by 2015 †¢Reducing infant mortality†¢Increasing life anticipation†¢Reducing HIV infection rates in individuals aged 15–24 old ages by 25 % in the most-affected states by 2005. and by 25 % globally by 2010 The World Health Organization ( WHO ) and World Bank estimation that $ 3. 00 per individual per twelvemonth would supply basic household planning. maternal and neonatal wellness attention to adult females in developing states. This would include contraceptive method. prenatal. bringing and post-natal attention in add-on to postpartum household planning and the publicity of rubbers to forestall sexually familial infections. [ 20 ] China China’s one-child policy forces twosomes to hold no more than one kid. Get downing in 1979. [ 21 ] the policy was instated to command the rapid population growing that was happening in the state at that clip. With the rapid alteration in population. China was confronting many impacts of the rapid population growing including poorness and homelessness. As a developing state. the Chinese authorities was concerned that a continuance of the rapid population growing that had been happening would impede their development as a state. The procedure of household planning varied throughout China. as many different people differed in their reactivity to the one kid policy. based on location and socioeconomic position. For illustration. many households in the metropoliss accepted this policy more readily based on the deficiency of infinite. money. and resources that are frequently offered in the metropoliss. However. the people in rural countries of China were more hesitating in accepting this policy. Since the policy was put into topographic point in 1979. over 400 million births have been prevented in China. [ 22 ] China’s population policy has been credited with a really important deceleration of China’s population growing which had been higher before the policy was implemented. However. it has come under unfavorable judgment that the policy has resulted in the maltreatment of adult females in China. Oftentimes execution of the policy has involved forced abortions and forced sterilisation. However. while the penalty of â€Å"unplanned† gestation is a big mulct. both forced abortion and forced sterilisation can be charged with knowing assault. which is punished with up to 10 years’ imprisonment. Another facet of household planning in China due to the one-child policy is the distinction between the desire for male and female kids in both urban and rural locations. In the Chinese civilization. the desire for a male kid is much harder. doing the forsaking or abortion of female babies or foetuss common in the rural countries of the state. [ 22 ] Another issue that is rai sed in the one-child policy in China is the information in respects to of course giving birth to twins or threes. If this state of affairs arises. the household is allowed to maintain the kids because of the natural causes of this impregnation. Hong KongIn Hong Kong. the Eugenics League was found in 1936. which became The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong in 1950. [ 23 ] The administration provides household planning advice. sex instruction. birth control services to the general populace of Hong Kong. In the seventiess. due to the quickly lifting population. it launched the â€Å"Two Is Enough† run. [ 23 ] which reduced the general birth rate through educational agencies. The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s national household be aftering association. [ 24 ] founded the International Planned Parenthood Federation with its opposite numbers in seven other states. [ 24 ] The sale of preventives was illegal in Ireland from 1935 until 1980. when it was legalized with strong limitations. subsequently loosened. It has been argued that the ensuing demographic dividend played a function in the economic roar in Ireland that began in the 1990s and ended suddenly in 2008 ( the Celtic tiger ) wa s in portion due to the legalization of contraceptive method in 1979 and subsequent diminution in the birthrate rate. [ 25 ] In Ireland the ratio of workers to dependants improved [ elucidation needed ] due to take down birthrate — the world of which has been questioned [ 26 ] — but was raised farther by increased female labour market engagement. [ commendation needed ] Pakistan In understanding with the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. Pakistan pledged that by 2010 it would supply cosmopolitan entree to household planning. Additionally. Pakistan’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper has set specific national ends for additions in household planning and preventive usage. [ 27 ] In 2011 merely one in five Pakistani adult females ages 15 to 49 utilizations modern birth control. [ 28 ] Contraception is shunned under traditional societal mores that are ferociously defended as fundamentalist Islam additions strength. [ 28 ] Russia Harmonizing to a 2004 survey. current gestations were termed â€Å"desired and timely† by 58 % of respondents. while 23 % described them as â€Å"desired. but untimely† . and 19 % said they were â€Å"undesired† . As of 2004. the portion of adult females of generative age utilizing hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was approximately 46 % ( 29 % intrauterine. 17 % hormonal ) . [ 29 ] During the Soviet epoch high quality preventives were hard to obtain. and abortion became the most common manner of forestalling unwanted births. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union abortion rates have fallen well. but they are still higher than rates in many developed states. PhilippinesGenerative Health Bill United KingdomContraception has been available for free under the National Health Service since 1974. and 74 % of generative age adult females use some signifier of contraceptive method. [ 30 ] The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has been massively popular. [ 30 ] Sterilization is popular in older age groups. among those 45–49. 29 % of work forces and 21 % of adult females have been sterilized. [ 30 ] Female sterilisation has been worsening since 1996. when the intrauterine system was introduced. [ 30 ] Emergency contraceptive method has been available since the 1970s. a merchandise was specifically licensed for exigency contraceptive method in 1984. and exigency preventives became available over the counter in 2001. [ 30 ] Since going available over the counter it has non reduced the usage of other signifiers of contraceptive method. as some moralists feared it might. [ 30 ] In any twelvemonth merely 5 % of adult females of childbearing age usage exigency hormonal contrace ptive method. [ 30 ] Despite widespread handiness of preventives. about half of gestations were unintended circa 2005. [ 30 ] Abortion was legalized in 1967. [ 30 ] United States Birth control in the United StatesDespite the handiness of extremely effectual preventives. about half of US gestations are unintended. [ 31 ] Highly effectual preventives. such as IUD are underused in the United States. [ 32 ] Increasing usage of extremely effectual preventives could assist run into the end set frontward in Healthy People 2020 to diminish unintended gestation by 10 % . [ 32 ] Cost to the user is one factor forestalling many US adult females from utilizing more effectual preventives. [ 32 ] Making preventives available without a copay increases usage of extremely effectual methods. reduces unintended gestations. and may be instrumental in accomplishing the Healthy People 2020 end. [ 32 ] In the United States. prophylactic usage saves about $ 19 billion in direct medical costs each twelvemonth. [ 31 ] Title X of the Public Health Service Act. [ 33 ] is a US authorities plan dedicated to supplying household planning services for those in demand. But funding for Title X as a per centum of entire public support to household be aftering client services has steadily declined from 44 % of entire outgos in 1980 to 12 % in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20 % to 71 % in the same clip. In 2006. Medicaid contributed $ 1. 3 billion to public household planning. [ 34 ] The 1. 9 billion spent on publically funded household planning in 2008 saved an estimated $ 7 billion in short term Medicaid costs. [ 32 ] Such services helped adult females forestall an estimated 1. 94 million unintended gestations and 810. 000 abortions. [ 32 ] More than 1 out of 3 adult females in the U. S. have an abortion by the clip they are 45 old ages old. [ 35 ] World Contraception Day The 26th of September is World Contraception Day. devoted to raising consciousness of contraceptive method and bettering instruction about sexual and generative wellness. with a vision of a universe where every gestation is wanted. [ 36 ] It is supported by a group of international NGOs. including Asiatic Pacific Council on Contraception. Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer. European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health. German Foundation for World Population. International Federation of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. International Planned Parenthood Federation. Marie Stopes International. Population Services International. The Population Council. The United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . Women Deliver. [ 36 ] Mentions 1. ^ â€Å"Mission Statement† . US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Office of Population Affairs. 2. ^ a b Family planning — WHO3. ^ a B degree Celsius vitamin D What services do household planning clinics supply? — Health Questions — NHS Direct 4. ^ a B US Dept. of Health. Administration for kids and households 5. ^ WHO 6. ^ See. e. g. . Mischell DR. â€Å"Family planning: contraceptive method. sterilisation. and gestation expiration. † In: Katz VL. Lentz GM. Lobo RA. Gershenson DM. explosive detection systems. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th erectile dysfunction. Philadelphia. Pa: Mosby Elsevier ; 2007: fellow 14. 7. ^ a B degree Celsius â€Å"Expenditures on Children by Families. 2007 ; Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2007† . United States Department of Agriculture. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. 8. ^ MsMoney. com — Marriage. Kids A ; College — Family Planning 9. ^ â€Å"Office of Family Planning† . California Department of Public Health. 10. ^ a B degree Celsius â€Å"Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: HTSP Messages† . USAID. Retrieved 2008-05-13. 11. ^ â€Å"Risks of Bing an Older Mom† . Silvers. Langsam A ; Weitzman. P. C. . Retrieved 21 April 2012. 12. ^ Reproline Family Planning 13. ^ â€Å"Family planning: Federal plan reduced births to hapless adult females by about 30 percent† . Retrieved 2012-03-19. 14. ^ â€Å"How to Adopt† . Adoption Exchange Association. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 15. ^ â€Å"Birth control methods fact sheet† . Retrieved 21 April 2012. 16. ^ â€Å"What is a Surrogate Mother or Gestational Carrier? † . Retrieved 21 April 2012. 17. ^ Nelson. S. M. ; Telfer. E. E. ; Anderson. R. A. ( 2012 ) . â€Å"The ageing ovary and uterus: New biological insights† . Human Reproduction Update 19 ( 1 ) : 67–83. doi:10. 1093/humupd/dms043. PMC 3508627. PMID 23103636. edit 18. ^ a B Tsui AO. McDonald-Mosley R. Burke AE ( April 2010 ) . â€Å"Family be aftering and the load of unintended pregnancies† . Epidemiol Rev 32 ( 1 ) : 152–74. doi:10. 1093/epirev/mxq012. PMC 3115338. PMID 20570955. 19. ^ Mushinski. M. ( 1998 ) . â€Å"Average charges for unsophisticated vaginal. caesarean delivery and VBAC bri ngings: Regional fluctuations. United States. 1996† . Statistical Bulletin 79 ( 3 ) : 17–28. PMID 9691358. 20. ^ â€Å"Promises to Keep: The Toll of Unintended Pregnancies on Women’s Lives in the Developing World† . Retrieved 2009-02-03. 21. ^ Kane. Penny. â€Å"China’s one kid household policy† . 22. ^ a B FlorCruz. Jaime ( 27 September 2010 ) . â€Å"China headers with promise and hazards of one kid policy† . CNN. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 23. ^ a b History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong 24. ^ a b History of International Planned Parenthood Federation 25. ^ Bloom. David E. ; Canning. David ( 2003 ) . â€Å"Contraception and the Celtic Tiger† ( PDF ) . Economic and Social Review 34: 229–247. 26. ^ ESRI says birthrate rate is greatly underestimated 27. ^ Hardee. Karen ; Leahy. Elizabeth ( 2007 ) . â€Å"Population. Fertility and Family Planning in Pakistan: A Program in Stagnation† . Population Action International 4 ( 1 ) : 1–12. 28. ^ a B Brulliard. Karin ( 15 December 2011 ) . â€Å"As Pakistan’s population zooms. preventives remain a difficult sell† . The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 April 2012. 29. ^ National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2008. UNDP. pages 47–49. Retrieved on 10 October 2009 30. ^ a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f g H one Rowlands S ( October 2007 ) . â€Å"Contraception and abortion† . J R Soc Med 100 ( 10 ) : 465–8. doi:10. 1258/jrsm. 100. 10. 465. PMC 1997258. PMID 17911129. 31. ^ a B James Trussell. Anjana Lalla. Quan Doan. Eileen Reyes. Lionel Pinto. Joseph Gricar ( 2009 ) . â€Å"Cost effectivity ofpreventives in the United States† . Contraception 79 ( 1 ) : 5–14. doi:10. 1016/j. contraceptive method. 2008. 08. 003. PMID 19041435. 32. ^ a B degree Celsius vitamin D vitamin E f Cleland K. Peipert JF. Westhoff C. Spear S. Trussell J ( May 2011 ) . â€Å"Family be aftering as a cost-saving preventative wellness service† . N. Engl. J. Med. 364 ( 18 ) : e37. doi:10. 1056/NEJMp1104373. PMID 21506736. 33. ^ US Office of Population Affairs — Legislation 34. ^ Sonfield A. Alrich C. Gold RB ( 2008 ) ( PDF ) . Public support for household planning. sterilisation and abortion services. FY 1980–2006. Occasional Report. 38. New York: Guttmacher Institute. 35. ^ â€Å"Abortion† . Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. . Retrieved 21 April 2012. 36. ^ a B â€Å"World Contraception Day† . External links†¢Siedlecky. Stefania ; Wyndham. Diana ( 1990 ) . Populate and perish: Australian women’s battle for birth control. Allen A ; Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-442220-4 [ 1 ] †¢The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation A University of California. Berkeley sum-up of historical. modern-day and environmental concerns affecting women’s wellness. population. and household planning †¢A World excessively Full of Peoples by Mary Fitzgerald. NewStatesman. August 30. 2010 †¢Reproline-Family Planning JHPIEGO affiliate of Johns Hopkins University

Dance Movement Therapy Expository Essay Essay Example

Dance Movement Therapy Expository Essay Essay According to the Canadian Mental Health Association (2014), 20% of Canadians will personally experience a mental illness in their lifetime. One of the most common mental illnesses is depression. Depression is characterized by feelings of sadness, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, and withdrawal from friends and family (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013). Traditionally, people with depression are treated with talk-based therapy and/ or medication. In the past decade, another form of therapy has gained recognition and acceptance throughout the medical community: Dance and Movement Therapy (DMS). This paper Will explore the effectiveness of DMS, and how it can be a viable therapeutic option for adolescents and seniors alike. DMS is effective in decreasing the severity Of Symptoms Of depression. DMS assists individuals in dealing with feelings, especially those that are hard to accept or express, through the use of movement (Pioneer et al. , 2012). Talking about emotions can be a daunting task for an individual with depression; it may be easier to express these emotions through dance and movement. Studies have shown that participating in DMS can affect the reduction of serotonin and dopamine, two chemicals that support emotional well-being (Young-Jag et al. , 2005). This is significant because those with depression frequently rely on medications to modulate the production of these brain chemicals. If serotonin and dopamine can be controlled using DMS, there will be a lesser need for reliance on antidepressant medication. DMS is useful both to encourage participants to explore their feelings, and to promote the response of neurotransmitters that affect mood. We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Movement Therapy Expository Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Movement Therapy Expository Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Movement Therapy Expository Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Adolescents with depression have to deal with the great fluctuation in hormones that company puberty, and the debilitating symptoms of depression. A study by Young-Jag et al. Examined adolescent girls, with a median age of 16, who showed mild to moderate signs of depression (2005). The group was asked to attend 45-minute DMS sessions, three times a week, for 12 weeks. The sessions addressed themes of body awareness in the room and group, expression of movement and symbolic quality of movement, feelings, images and differentiation and integration of feelings (Young-Jag et al. 2005). Participants were encouraged to be aware of their space and their relationship to themselves and others. They were asked to create movement that symbolically explained the feelings that they were having inside. At the end of the 12 weeks, the group experienced significant improvements in a number of areas, including depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychotic (Young-Jag et al. , 2005). Teenagers and adolescents can be difficult to treat for depression because they do not wish to be seen as different from their peers. They may be more willing to participate in a fun therapeutic activity, such as dance, than participate in traditional talk-based therapy. In fact, the study by Young-Jag et al. Found that there was a high level of adherence to the DMS program by the participants (2005). Those who tried it stayed with it, and reaped the benefits of an improvement in their depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms can also be improved through DMS in seniors. According to a study of seniors in nursing homes by Vandal et al. Participation in DMS can significantly improve scores on the Geriatric Depressive Scale (GAS) (2014). Intervention Exercise Dance for Seniors sessions were implemented for one hour, once a week, for three months. At the end of the three months, those who articulated showed significant improvements in mood according to the GAS, whereas those who did not participate showed a trend of further worsening symptoms (Vandal et al. , 2014). Depressive symptoms, including feelings of loss, guil t, and loneliness, are prevalent in seniors in nursing homes. By participating in DMS, seniors are able to interact with others, express emotions, and get physical activity in an enjoyable way. Those who participated in the intervention also reported more discontinuations and fewer antidepressant prescriptions than those in the control group (Vandal et al. , 2014). Treating depression by using DMS may save money on antidepressant costs as well as reduce the side effects associated with these medications. The study concluded that DMS is both suitable and beneficial to seniors in a nursing home setting. Dance is no longer just an activity one goes to watch at the theatre; it has become an alternative therapeutic treatment for a variety of mental illnesses. Dance and Movement Therapy encompasses biological, psychological, and sociological aspects and is beneficial across the lifespan. Biologically, DMS can alter the levels of serotonin and dopamine, improving mood from within. Psychologically, DMS allows individuals with depression to express themselves in a different manner than talk-based therapy. Sociologically, DMS encourages people with mental illness to get together, explore mutual experiences, and create something meaningful based on these experiences. These factors remain constant throughout the lifespan; studies have shown that DMS is a useful therapy regardless of whether the individual is sixteen or sixty. As time goes on, the need for alternatives therapies for depression will continue, and Dance and Movement Therapy will continue to rise in popularity. References Canadian Mental Health Association. (2014). Fast facts about mental illness.

GROUP LEADER ASSIGNMENT 1 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

GROUP LEADER ASSIGNMENT 1 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers GROUP LEADER ASSIGNMENT 1 Review: Discussion on Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians by McNeill and Columbus and Western Civilization by Zinn Members: Dhruv Patel (Group Leader), Peragen, Zhane (Absent) and Yihau Dai Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians The article revolves around the contribution of myths in evolution of history. The author believes myths to be information about people or regions, that is trusted to be truthful and is perpetuated as per requirement or circumstances. He also establishes the fact that myths cannot be classified into categories of 'true' and 'false' because there can be two different versions of past for two different people or historians. Another vital argument presented in the article is explaining science as an evolutionary process of accepting new theories if they provide a simpler explanation of some event or phenomenon already presented by someone else so that it has more possibility to be deemed acceptable by masses. Columbus and Western Civilization This article describes how Columbus took advantage of gullible and hospitable Indians by turning them to slavery, forcing them to extract certain quota of gold to please the queen. Moreover, they were subjected to diseases like typhoid and small pox carried by their 'invaders' or 'discoverers'. Those who survived the epidemic were killed just for amusement. The article questions everything taught about American history in schools and challenges the title of hero and brave voyager given to Columbus by historians. This is astonishing because many evidences of these atrocities can be found in Columbus' journal itself. It reveals how historical facts are twisted and spread out as per convenience to influence the masses. Class Discussion Why does McNeill prefer the term "Mythistory" to history? Dhruv and Peragen explained McNeill's concept of 'Mythistory' by defining it as a collection of facts and myths believed to be true and acted upon on the basis of circumstances. Dhruv reflected upon the evolution of history by perpetuation of myths combined with factual information. What are his views on functions of myth? Dhruv and Peragen discussed myths to be information about people or regions that is believed to be true and spread out as needed. They also described that myths play a vital role in evolution of natural science and history. Also, Yihua Dai agreed with the definition and purpose. How does Zinn's portrayal of Columbus' story fit with your understanding of this piece of history? Dhruv deemed Columbus as a villain rather than a hero as taught in American History. He supported his argument by presenting facts about exploitation of Indians by his men. Peragen agreed by discussing the slavery and killing of Indians. What is the significance of Columbus story? Dhruv claimed that this story is necessary to question the American history taught in schools. Peragen described it as an attempt to provide real historical facts to pupils. Yihua Dai explained it as a form of justice to natives by letting the world know of tragedies they've been through. What links can you develop between the Rasky film and McNeill and Zinn readings? Dhruv considered the films and the readings to be similar as they both present Columbus as an atrocious invader who wiped out Indians. Peragen agreed by describing the killings and slavery depicted in both the film and readings. Yihau Dai also contributed by providing figures about the Indians enslaved and killed.

Ranking the Countries of Asia by Area

Ranking the Countries of Asia by Area Asia is the largest continent in the world with a total area of 17,212,000 square miles (44,579,000 sq km) and a 2017 population estimate of 4,504,000,000 people, which is 60 percent of the worlds population, according to the UNs  World Population Prospects, 2017 Revision. Most of Asia is in the northern and eastern hemispheres  and shares its landmass with Europe; together they  make up Eurasia.  The continent covers about 8.6 percent of the Earths surface and represents about one-third of its land mass. Asia has a varied topography that consists of the worlds highest mountains, the Himalayas, as well as some of the lowest elevations on Earth.Asia is made up of 48 different countries, and as such, it is a diverse mix of people, cultures, and governments. The following is a list of the countries of Asia arranged by land area. All land area figures were obtained from the CIA World Factbook.   Asias Countries, From Largest to Smallest Russia: 6,601,668 square miles (17,098,242 sq km)China:  3,705,407 square miles (9,596,960 sq km)India: 1,269,219 square miles (3,287,263 sq km)Kazakhstan:  1,052,090 square miles (2,724,900  sq km)Saudi Arabia:  830,000 square miles (2,149,690  sq km)Indonesia: 735,358 square miles (1,904,569 sq km)Iran: 636,371 square miles (1,648,195 sq km)Mongolia: 603,908 square miles (1,564,116 sq km)Pakistan:  307,374 square miles (796,095 sq km)Turkey: 302,535 square miles (783,562 sq km)Myanmar (Burma):  262,000 square miles (678,578 sq km)Afghanistan: 251,827 square miles (652,230 sq km)Yemen: 203,849 square miles (527,968 sq km)Thailand:  198,117 square miles (513,120  sq km)Turkmenistan: 188,456 square miles (488,100 sq km)Uzbekistan: 172,742 square miles (447,400 sq km)Iraq:  169,235 square miles (438,317  sq km)Japan:  145,914 square miles (377,915  sq km)Vietnam:  127,881 square miles (331,210 sq km)Malaysia:  127,354 square miles (329,847 sq km)Oman:  1 19,499 square miles (309,500  sq km)Philippines: 115,830 square miles (300,000 sq km) Laos: 91,429 square miles (236,800 sq km)  Kyrgyzstan:  77,202 square miles (199,951 sq km)Syria: 71,498 square miles (185,180 sq km)Cambodia:  69,898 square miles (181,035 sq km)Bangladesh:  57,321 square miles (148,460  sq km)Nepal:  56,827 square miles (147,181 sq km)Tajikistan:  55,637 square miles (144,100  sq km)  North Korea: 46,540 square miles (120,538 sq km)South Korea: 38,502 square miles (99,720 sq km)Jordan:  34,495 square miles (89,342  sq km)Azerbaijan: 33,436 square miles (86,600 sq km)United Arab Emirates:  32,278 square miles (83,600  sq km)Georgia: 26,911 square miles (69,700 sq km)Sri Lanka: 25,332 square miles (65,610 sq km)Bhutan:  14,824 square miles (38,394 sq km)Taiwan: 13,891 square miles (35,980 sq km)Armenia:  11,484 square miles (29,743 sq km)Israel: 8,019 square miles (20,770 sq km)Kuwait:  6,880 square miles (17,818  sq km)Qatar:  4,473 square miles (11,586  sq km)Lebanon: 4,015 square miles (10,400 sq km)Brunei:  2,226 square miles (5,765 sq km)Hong Kong: 428 square miles (1,108 sq km) Bahrain: 293 square miles (760 sq km)Singapore: 277.7 square miles (719.2 sq km)Maldi ves: 115 square miles (298 sq km) Note: The total sum of the areas listed above is lower than the figure mentioned in the introductory paragraph because that figure also includes areas that are territories and not countries.

INNOVATIONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INNOVATIONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY - Essay Example The GPS is a satellite navigational system that was invented and is being maintained by the United States military. Although it was originally designed for military operations purposes, its functions and benefits are now being hugely enjoyed by civilians across the world. Today, anyone can use the GPS as long as he or she has a GPS receiver. The navigational system that is stationed in space transmits signals and information to a GPS receiver on earth, thereby allowing anyone to know certain exact locations of anybody or anything at incredible speed. It is a breakthrough, indeed! To make it plain and simple the benefits of the GPS and how it has impact our world today, it will help to note that telecommunications companies use the GPS in transmitting signals for telecommunications purposes, especially communications using mobile or cellular phones. When you are driving your car and get lost in the middle of nowhere, a GPS tracking device could easily help you find the right the direc tion and even give you a graphic layout of your vicinity paths. Even before you start driving your car, most automobile companies have already added a GPS feature in their cars for security reasons.

Economics of Slavery and its Impact on Nation Essay

Economics of Slavery and its Impact on Nation - Essay Example African slaves were bought cheaply in African countries, and shipped into the Caribbean in the hold, in much the same way as other commodities. They were not only kept by those with large amounts of land, but also by small farmers, and city dwellers. It is generally believed that the economics of large acreages of Cotton and Sugar, combined with low levels of servant indenture, meant that America came to rely upon slaves to work the land. It would have been impossible to farm the vast amounts of these goods without slave labor, as liberated workers would have demanded pay, and probably better working conditions and fewer hours; slaves, on the other hand, were not employees, and could be worked in extreme conditions. African Slaves were able to repopulate, like livestock, and were also supposed to be immune to Malaria and other diseases (Racism saw them as stronger, and better suited to physical labor than white people); unlike Indian slaves, black people (at least in the early to mid 18th Century) stood out among the general population.

Nursing Portfolio Essay Example for Free

Nursing Portfolio Essay INTRODUCTION Recently, due to contraception fills, adolescent pregnancy has been decreased, nonetheless, issues of adolescent pregnancy have increased worldwidely, because they are not uncovered superficially. First of all, adolescent pregnancy is an area where intensive nursing care and social and family support are required. In part 1, with regard to teens pregnancy and care, I have collected various artefacts and reviewed them. In this portfolio, I will show how those artifacts help me to learn nursing care with regard to adolescent pregnancy including teenagers, newborn and family. In addition, I will present how I would utilize the artefacts to lead to my future nursing practice successfully. EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY FOR AISHA AND JARAD The Victoria government report has helped me to understand the circumstances of teenagers who have experienced pregnancy and the effects relating to their pregnancy. As a future nurse, it is vital to know the social and environmental background of adolescent pregnancy. In terms of circumstances of pregnant adolescents, it has been found that pregnancy rates are higher among teenagers who include those factors as follows (The Victoria government 2014) . family violence, or sexual abuse or conflict often occurs . A teenager who has low self-esteem, low socioeconomic background . An adolescent who has low maternal education . rural or remote or Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander residents. As the webpage gives the information about complications with teenage pregnancy, I have known that teenagers have greater risks of medical complications during pregnancy and the reasons. The major reasons for their medical complications are that they find out their pregnancy late or do not  know how to approach healthcare service (The Victoria government 2014). Moreover, their nutrition state during pregnancy is improper and hence, they experience premature labour and deteriorating their health condition such as anaemia and emotional distress. Also, the charts from sccanny organization show children born to teenage mother have low birth weight, under 2.5 Kg (Scanny organization 2014). The information has taught me to be prepared the background knowledge of negative effects of teens pregnancy on both their children and themselves before look after an adolescent mother. PRENATAL, POSTNATAL ISSUES FOR DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN ADOLESCENT MOTHER AND THEIR FAMILIES As soon as an adolescent has a baby, it can be a burden to her and her family rather than pleasure in normal pregnancy. Before making a nursing plan for an adolescent mother, it is essential to diagnose their depression and anxiety. The YouTube video shows what is their depression and anxiety precisely and succinctly. I have comprehended that their anxiety and depression come from the problems such as parenting difficulties, continuity of study or not and finance to breed their children (PCA 2014). Nurse Review Organizations webpage has provided me with disgnosis and intervention with respect to teen pregnancy (Nursereview 2014). In the future practice, I will educate their family to decrease a stereotype in relation to adolescent pregnancy and emphasize the significance of education for an adolescent mother if she is concerned about dropping her school. Besides, I will refer her to organizations to help her financial difficulties in raising her children and also advise her to take counseling programs with regard to her study. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FAMILY SUPPORT DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH The roles of a nurse include not only caring her patient but also talking to the patients family and educate them. Above all things, in adolescent pregnancy, family support cannot be overemphasized because a teen mother is not prepared to give birth and breed. This video gives very useful tips to  persuade their family that might be upset or frustrated due to their daugthers or girl friends pregnancy in order to help the teen mother as highlighting how the teen mother feels scared and worried about her pregnancy (999advicechannel 2011). As I learned in the video, I will explain the necessity of family support and ask the family to help their adolescent mother actively in the real practice. The cooperation among the adolescent mother, family and nurse will bring about successful outcomes in the perspective of mental and physical health of the teen mother and her child. Moreover, advocatesforyouth website has offered what organization takes the initiatives and programmes for teens pregnancy in each country and the world (Graczkyk 2008). Therefore, I will recommend the programmes or organisations to a teen mother patient who does not have any family or partner that can support her in the future practice. THE NURSES ROLE IN RELATION TO CARING FOR AN ADOLESCENT MOTHER DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTERBIRTH A more anxious and depressed teenager mother than an adult mother needs the delicate and attentive care of a nurse (Graczkyk 2008). Therefore, the role of nurse includes mothering teenagers, educating them and their family as well as conducting professional nursing practice for them (Grazkyk 2008). Essentialbaby.com websites offers Australian vaccination schedule for new born. I will memorize the immunization schedules and also provide them to a teen mother under the hospital regulation (Baby Health 2014). In addition, I will educate adolescent mothers about the significance of immunization so that they cannot miss the proper time for immunization of their children. Also, I will provide holistic education about how to care a new born baby to a teenager mother and father as I have seen the YouTube video. I will be pleased to demonstrate the ways how to feed, bathe and handle a newborn baby, otherwise, I will show the education video for teenage mothers and fathers. Moreover, I will tell them if there is any urgent situation regarding their baby, notify it to me or other nurses (InfirmaryHealth 2013). CONCLUSION Through this activity, I have become more confident and competent with respect to caring an adolescent mother. I have acknowledged that caring a teen mother is required a more considerate, and professional nursing mind that can consider their situation, anxiety and depression since a teen is not expected to be a mother as early as they can. I will facilitate the collaborative atmosphere among a teen mother, her family and me to create better outcomes of care in the health of the teen mother and the baby. Furthermore, I will provide explicit education for an adolescent mother and her family and guide them to appropriate programs and organization to help them. I am sure that I will play a major role as a nurse to care a teenager mother professionally and support them so as to prevent worse outcomes such as deterioration of their health and social problems. REFERENCES 999Advicechannel. (2011). _Teen pregnancy and support_. Retrieved from BabyHealth. (2014). _Australian vaccination schedule_. Retrieved from http://www.essentialbaby.com.au/baby/baby-health/australian-vaccination-schedule-20081110-5l9w.html Graczyk. A. (2008). _Maternal mortality an overlooked crisis_. Retrieved from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/436-adolescent-maternal-mortality-an-overlooked-crisis Infirmary Health. (2013). _Caring for your newborn baby_. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLnVNIx2nkw Nurse Review . (2014_). The pregnant adolescent_. Retrieved from PCA (2014). _The Effects of Teen Pregnancy PSA_. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggSjURqR66I Scanny Organisation (2014). _Teen pregnancy_. Retrieved from http://www.scaany.org/documents/teen_pregnancy_dec08.pdf. The Victoria Government. (2014). _Teenage pregnancy_. Retrieved from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Teenage_pregnancy?open

The Effects of Mono Lakes Hydrology on its Ecosystem :: Environment Biology Essays

The Effects of Mono Lake's Hydrology on its Ecosystem Situated at the foothills of the Eastern Sierra Nevada, Mono Lake has an unusual and unique hydrology that is highly influential in shaping the water chemistry (specifically the water's salinity and alkalinity) and biological life that survives there. Mono Lake is a hypersaline, highly alkaline, hydrographically closed basin in which the only natural means of water export is through evaporation. The basin itself was carved out by faulting of tectonic plates that occurred atleast 500,000 years ago. Mono Basin contains up to 7,000 ft. of glacial, fluvial, lacustrine and volcanic deposits in a large structural depression formed in part by down-dropping along the Sierra Nevada fault (Pakiser 1976). In addition to the water evaporated, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP) began diverting Mono Lake's water and approximately 58% of its natural inflow (annually) to supply 13% of the city of Los Angeles's water supply in 1940 (Stine 1991). Because lake volume fluctuates in response to varying inflow and evaporation, the late-water concentration and composition can experience substantial change through time (Rogers 1992). A high concentration of soluble compounds and salts formed inherently as evaporation occurred, and minerals and compounds were left behind. Runoff, erosional sediments and precipitation (rain and snowfall are limited in the Eastern side due to the rainshadow effect) from the Sierra Nevada accumulate in the Mono Basin. Also ephemeral perennial streams from the Sierra Nevada flow into the Mono Basin. Because of this, a great deal of the groundwater and the groundwater hydrological system is dominated by stream losses from the mountains. Fault lines can also be highly influential to the production of groundwater. According to USGS's Ronald Oremland, The lake is usually monomictic, and undergoes one complete winter mixing event induced by the sinking of cold surface waters. However, inputs of large amounts of freshwater into the lake in the early 1980s and again in the late 1990s resulted in episodes of meromixis (Oremland 2000). Jellison predicts that the meromixis phase that is currently occurring will last several decades. Meromixis generally produces buildup of ammonia, sulfide and methane. In many cases diversions of freshwater inputs for irrigation or other human uses have resulted in diminished size and increased salinity (Jellison 1992). Diverting Mono Lake's streams has not only stirred political and environmental controversy over rights but has also led to the waters of Mono Lake being halved in lake volume, reduced by 45 ft.

Political Corruption Essay

Politics are the heart and sole of the American government. Without representatives in our government the people would not have a say. Although the American public has a say, does it really count? The fact of the matter is, the corruption and sleaziness involved in politics can shade the public’s outcry and their voices will not be heard. As Americans, we need to be selective in who we elect to office. As my political cartoon portrays, America is being run by corporations instead of officials. Still no change to this problem has been made. Over the last few years, the issue of corruption (the abuse of public office for private gain) has attracted renewed interest, both among academics and policymakers. There are a number of reasons why this topic has come under recent inspection. Corruption scandals have toppled governments in both major industrial countries and developing countries. In the transition countries, the shift from command economies to free market economies has cre ated massive opportunities for the appropriation of rents, excessive profits, wealthy entrepreneurs and has often been accompanied by a change from a â€Å"well-organized† system of corruption to a more chaotic and toxic one. With the end of the cold war, donor countries have placed less emphasis on political considerations in distributing foreign aid among developing countries and have paid more attention to cases in which aid funds have been misused and have not reached the poor. Corruption is now being dragged into corporations. As campaigns are now in more and more need of money, the wealthy corporations such as Exxon Mobile and Goldman Sachs, have begun running the government by helping to elect state and federal officials. With this power corporations can begin to take advantage of democracy and begin to pass laws that will benefit their company. In history many scandals involving corruption have existed, it is a prominent problem for the United States and anyplace where power can be sought out. Human nature drags us into these problems due to the lust for power and there isn’t a clear solution only temporary ones. Corruption, dishonest, stealing, bribery, fraud and deception are all synonyms for what corporate funding has made of our government. Despite the reformation and establishment of freedom our government has made, the effects of corporate corruption have ruined our portrayal as a country of freedom and equality. Political cartoons are often necessary to embellish what is wrong in America. The wrongdoings are exaggerated and  catch the reader’s attention to attempt to pass along a message. The corruption depicted in this particular cartoon helps show the American public that the corporations are negatively portraying society. The leadership within our government now belongs to the multi-million dollar corporations that fund our senators, representatives and even ties to our president, Barack Obama, exist. Corporations now go shopping at the â€Å"Congressman, Senators and Beyond† to try and fund the most likely candidate to win and supply them with what they want. Recently a scandal involving our own governor, Rod Blagojevich, and Tony Rezko, has shown that corruption exists and threatens American democracy. Elected officials are intended to represent the public. With corrupt official the American public will not trust the government nor be properly represented. Kickbacks from the local and federal government, although easier to detect compared to the past, are the major source of corruption. Rezko and other entrepreneurs involving public facilities, seek out politicians, to grant them permits. The corporations charge double the actual cost and keep the rest for themselves. This is how many of elected officials gain corporate funding. As the cartoon shows, corporations are really the controls behind the congressmen while he is only a â€Å"figure head† for the company. The argument facing corporate sponsorships in campaigns is that this helps to keep normal people from sponsoring the politicians in return for job positions. This way of gaining campaign money originated from the Spoils System during the 1800’s. Politicians promised jobs to people that generously donated money to their campaign and strongly represented the nominee. This was somewhat working until a president, Grover Cleveland, was shot from a deranged campaign donor that didn’t receive a job. The Spoils System was removed and the idea of corporations donating to nominees was put into pl ace. Although this solved the general public from being upset about noon-appointments, it created a large scale of corruption and dishonesty within our government. The development of corporate corruption has deterred the common public but still, employees and friends within the company end up on state boards and under governmental jobs anyhow. So the solution of corporate donations has not worked at all. Not only has this â€Å"solution† developed a negative portrayal of American democracy, it has also slowed down the progress of our governmental officials in completing  important issues. The development of corruption has burdened non-corrupt congressman and has created a goose hunt for the federal government and its programs. The real attention needs to be on internal affairs and international relations. Conclusion: Corruption within our government means more than this single cartoon can portray but still reveals change is needed. The change needs to come swiftly and in a harsh manner in order to maintain our democratic, â€Å"American Dream† portrayal. As the government moves onto international affairs and problems facing our economy, corruption needs to have a set limit. Donations need to be limited and their control over politics needs to be put to a stop. As President Obama’s inaugural speech dictated, â€Å"A New Birth of Freedom,† [from corruption] must be brought forward.

Evaluate the idea that gender and sexuality are socially constructed Essay

In recent years sociologists have been studying the great extent to which gender roles are learned. Many behaviors that have traditionally been thought to be genetically determined male or female behaviors turn out to be learned behaviors and therefore subject to change in future generations. In a summary of gender role socialization studies, David Shaffer (1979) points out that by the age of two, children have generally learned to recognize â€Å"maleness† and â€Å"femaleness† on the basis of clothing and hair styles. By the age of three, children usually have learned to prefer sex-typed toys and recognize that girls become â€Å"mommies† and boys become â€Å"daddies†. By school-age, children realized that they are expected to engage in appropriate gender behavior and if they do not, they will meet with disapproval from other children and adults. Many sociologists have personally questioned the value of such early gender-role learning and raised questions about how this learning can inhibit later opportunities in terms of education and career selection (Howe, 1979). To understand how gender and sexuality are socially constructed we must look at the adaptive and functional nature of socialization. One can look at the content of socialization as adaptive for the individual and functional for the society. As adaptive for the individual, the content of socialization involves knowledge necessary for individual to adapt to the changing situation of their daily lives, while, as a function for society, the content of socialization involves the knowledge necessary for its members to maintain a society as an ongoing entity. Knowledge of social rules, appropriate emotional behavior, social situations, technical knowledge, one’s self-identity, and communicative abilities give individuals an ability to adjust their behaviors to one another in the different groups and situations in which they encounter each other. Such adjustments are necessary for the ongoing existence of a society. Only people know how to adjust their behaviors to each other can the group activities and relationships which make up a society be maintained. Only with a socialized adult population can anything such as a society be said to exist. The particular content of socialization becomes highly important in terms of the make-up of the society that one is observing. If the content of socialization were to change, people’s activities and motivations would change, and clearly the society would change. So, on a sociological quest the content of socialization is something to which the sociologist should and must pay attention (O’Brien, 2001). Charles H. Cooley (1964), a pioneer of American socialization studies, referred to an individual’s self-concept as a â€Å"looking-glass self†. Cooley implied that our self-conceptions reflect our interpretation of the relations to our behavior of those around us with whom we interact. According to Cooley, we not how others respond to our actions, which produces in us a feeling about ourselves, which influences how we perceive ourselves. For instance a person who drops something and overhears another’s remark about how clumsy he is, may come to think of himself as a clumsy individual. We come to think of ourselves in terms of our understanding of how others think about us. It is through interaction that we come to apply to ourselves such labels as â€Å"kind† or â€Å"mean†, â€Å"awkward† or â€Å"graceful†. To see oneself as beautiful is to interact with persons who see you as meeting the criteria of beauty. Whether one sees oneself as an ugly duckling or a beautiful swan depends upon the flock with which one swims. As a naturalistic and empirical quest for understanding the various aspects of social reality is that everyone both influences and is influenced by society, sociology is ultimately a quest for self understanding. Humans beings are not isolated entities; we are not hermits who live apart uninfluenced by one another. Rather, we are social beings who can only be fully understood when the social context of our actions are taken into account and carefully studied. In order to carry out the quest for sociological knowledge it is necessary to have an understanding of the types, uses and limitations of the various sociological tools or methods. The sociological quest can be the appropriate sociological map or theory (Shaffer, 1979). Now I want to look at social life as a process and structure in the social construction of gender and sexuality. Social life involves processes of socialization, culture, and deviance. Learning how to act in society via socialization, developing and sharing of orientations toward social life via culture, and the negative sanctioning of inappropriate behaviors via the labeling process of deviance are universal processes, which are necessary to social life, and found in all societies. Although their particular make-up will vary from society to society, these three processes exist in all human societies. But, in addition to these processes, there also exists in all societies some relatively permanent patterns of organized social life that sociologists refer to as social structures. It is within and through social structures that the processes of socialization, culture and deviance take place. Just as the processes of human life take place in the structure of the human body so, too, the processes of society take place within and are influenced by social structures (Macionis, 1997). The most basic social structure around and through which social life takes place are groups; groups range in size from relatively small informal groups such as families, to large bureaucracies and formal organizations such as businesses and governmental agencies. All groups are composed of members who have met certain criteria for membership, who play certain understood roles in the group, and who have a sense of group belonging, which is sometimes termed a â€Å"we-feeling† or a â€Å"consciousness-of –kind†. Groups, related to one another in terms of their performing similar social activities, together from the social structures called social institutions. For example all the groups primarily involved in educational activities together form a society’s educational institution. It is through and in groups, and the institutions that they compose that the basic social processes of a society take place. It is in social groups that the learning of socialization takes place that cultural roles are shared and acted upon, and that deviance is ascertained and punished. People know how to perform roles in groups because they have knowledge of how to act which they developed in the process of socialization, because they share cultural understandings with other group members with whom they interact, because they have an understanding of what is considered deviant and unacceptable behavior in the various groups to which they belong (O’Brien, 2001). When we consider how females and males differ, the first thing that usually comes to mind is sex, the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females. Primary sex characteristics consist of a vagina or a penis and other organs related to reproduction, secondary sex characteristics are the physical distinctions between males and females that are not directly connected with reproduction. Secondary sex characteristics become clearly evident at puberty, when males develop more muscles, a lower voice, and more hair and height while females form more fatty tissue, broader hips, and larger breasts. Gender is a social and not a biological characteristic. Gender consists of whatever traits a group considers proper for its males and females. This is what makes gender vary from one society to another. Sex refers to male or female, gender refers to masculinity or femininity, so sex you inherit and you learn your gender as you are socialized into specific behaviors and attitudes (Gilmore, 1990). The sociological significance of gender is that it is a device by which society controls its members. Gender sorts us on the basis of sex, into different life experiences. It open and closes doors to power, property, and even prestige. Like social class, gender is a structural feature of society. Biology plays a significant role in our lives. Each of us begins as a fertilized egg. The egg, or ovum, is contributed by our mother, the sperm that fertilizes the egg by our father. At the very moment the egg is fertilized, our sex is determined. Each of us receives twenty-three pairs of chromosomes from the ovum and twenty-three from the sperm. The egg has an X chromosome. If the sperm that fertilized the egg also has an X chromosome, we become female. If the sperm has a Y chromosome we become male. That’s the biology. Now the sociological question is, does this biological difference control our behavior? Does it make females more nurturing and submissive and males more aggressive and domineering? (Macionis, 1997) Almost all sociologists take the side of â€Å"nurture† in this â€Å"nature vs. nurture† controversy. The dominant sociological position is represented by the symbolic interactionists. They stress that the visible differences of sex do not come with meanings built into them. Rather each human group determines what these physical differences mean for them and on that basis assigns males and females to separate groups. It is here that people learn what is expected of them and are given different access to their society’s privileges. Most sociologists find compelling argument that if biology were the principal factor in human behavior all around the world we would find women to be one sort of person and men another. In fact, ideals of gender vary greatly from one culture to another and as a result, so do male-female behaviors. For example the Tahitians in the South Pacific show a remarkable contrast to our usual expectations of gender. They don’t give their children names that are identifiable as male or female, and they don’t divide their labor on the basis of gender. They expect both men and women to be passive, yielding and to ignore slights. Neither male nor females are competitive in trying to attain material possessions (Gilmore, 1990). Society also channels our behavior through gender socialization. By expecting different attitudes and behaviors from us because we are male or female, the human group nudges boys and girls in separate directions in life. This foundation of contrasting attitudes and behaviors is so thorough that, as adults most of us think, act and even feel according to our culture’s guidelines of what is appropriate for our sex. Our parents are the first significant others who teaches us our part in this symbolic division of the world. Their own gender orientations are so firmly established that they do much of this teaching without even being aware of what they are doing. This is illustrated by a classic study done by psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis (1969). They asked mothers to bring their 6 month old infants into their laboratory to supposedly observe the infant’s development. Secretly these researchers also observed the mothers. They found that the mothers kept their daughters closer to them. They also touch and spoke more to their daughters. By the time the children were 13 months old, the girls stayed closer to their mothers during play, and they returned to them sooner and more often than did the boys. When they set up barriers to separate the children from their mothers, who were hiding toys, the girls were more likely to cry and motion for help, the boys ere likely to try to climb over the barrier. Goldberg and Lewis (1969) were able to conclude that in our society mothers unconsciously reward their daughters for being passive and dependent, their sons for being active and independent. These lessons continue throughout childhood. On the basis of their sex, children are given different kinds of toys. Preschool boys are allowed to roam farther from home than their preschool sisters, and they are subtly encouraged to participate in more rough and tumble play. Even get dirtier and to me more defiant. Such experiences in socialization lie at the heart of the sociological explanation of male/female differences (O’Brien, 2001). In today’s society mass media plays a vital role in gender and sexuality roles. Sociologist stress how this sorting process that begins in the family is reinforced as the child is exposed to other aspects of society. Especially important today are the mass media, forms of communication that are directed to large audiences. Powerful images of both sexes on television, music and the internet reinforce society’s expectation of gender. Television reinforces stereotypes of the sexes. On prime time television, male characters outnumber female characters by two to one. They also are more likely to be portrayed in higher status positions. Viewers get the message, for the more television that people watch; the more they tend to have restrictive ideas about women’s role in society. The expectations to the stereotypes are notable and a sign of changing times. Video games have some youths spending countless hours playing games. Even college students, especially males, relieve stress by escaping into video games. But more studies into the affect of these games on the ideas of gender are needed. Because the games are the cutting edge of society, they sometimes also reflect cutting edge changes in sex roles (Macionis, 1997). As women change their roles in society, the mass media reflects those changes. Although media images of women are passive, subordinate, or as mere background objects remain and still predominate, a new image has broken through. Exaggerating changes in society, this new image nonetheless reflects a changing role of women, from passive to active in life outside the home, from acquiescent to dominate in social relations. Books, magazines, DVD’s and video games are made available to a mass audience. And with new digital advances they have crossed the line form what we traditionally think of as games to something that more closely resembles interactive movies. Sociologically, what is significant is that the content of video games socializes their users. Gamers are exposed not only to action, but also to ideas as they play. Especially significant are gender images that communicate powerful messages, just as they do in other forms of mass media (O’Brien, 2001). Lara Croft, an adventure seeking archeologist and star of Tomb Raider and Tomb Raider 2, is the essence of the new gender image. Lara is smart, strong, and able to utterly vanquish foes. With both guns blazing, she is the cowboy of the twenty-first century, the term cowboy being purposely chosen, as Lara breaks gender roles and assumes what previously was the domain of men. The old remains powerfully encapsulated in the new. Lara is a fantasy girl for young men of the digital generation. No matter her foe, no matter her predicament, Lara always is outfitted in form fitting outfits, which reflect the mental images of the men who created this digital character. Their efforts have been so successful that boys and young men have bombarded corporate headquarters with questions about Lara’s personal life. Lara had caught young men’s fancy to such an extent that more than 100 web sites are devoted to her. The final reward of the game is to see Lara in a nightie one can question that regardless of tough girl images just how far stereotypes have been left behind (Macionis, 1997). Gender stratification gives males and females unequal access to power and prestige and property on the basis of sex. It is closely associated with class and caste stratification and is a related phenomenon of gender stratification. Some but not all societies have men and women as unequal with the latter being more seen. Sexual in equality is characteristic of societies that are stratified in other ways as well. Women have historically occupied a position of inferiority to men in the class structured societies of the Western world. Sexual inequality may sometimes be seen in societies that are not otherwise stratified, in such instances men and women are always physically as well as conceptually separated from one another. The rise of gender stratification often seems to be associated with the development of strongly centralized states. Because social stratification of any kind tends to make life oppressive for large segments of a population, the lower classes are usually placated by means of religion, which promises them a better existence in the hereafter. Gender inequality is not some accident; instead it is the institutions of each society that work together to maintain the group’s particular forms of inequality. Customs throughout history both justify and maintain these arrangements. Although men have resisted sharing their privileged positions with women, change has come (O’Brien, 2001). By playing a fuller role in the decision making processes of our social institutions, women are going against the stereotypes and role models that lock males into exclusively male activities and push females into roles that re considered feminine. As structural barriers fall and more activities are engendered, both males and females will be free to pursue activities that are more compatible with their abilities and desires as individuals. As they develop a new consciousness of themselves and their own potential, relationships between females and males will change. Certainly distinctions between the sexes will not disappear. There is no reason for biological differences to be translated into social inequalities. The reasonable goal is appreciation of sexual differences coupled with equality of opportunity which may lead to a transformed society.

Writing A Research Paper In APA Format - Paperell.com

Writing A Research Paper In APA Format Writing A Research Paper In APA Format Why are students often so concerned about citation styles? The main problem is a wide variety of these formats and different requirements that each has, which usually makes young people confused and frustrated. When you prepare an academic paper and your teacher can ask you to use APA format, it is not hard if you have the proper guidelines to do that. Do not panic! In this article, we are going to give you all the needed information and guidelines, which may help you to write a smart paper in APA format. Let’s start.The General Formatting Guidelines You Need To Know When You Work On Your PaperYou should use only white 8  ½ x 11 paper;The margins you make are usually 1 cm on the top, sides and also on the bottom;Don’t forget to indent every first word in the paragraphs one half inch;The recommended font is Times New Roman. The recommended size is 12;It’s also necessary to double space your research paper;The header of a page is so-called ‘running headâ₠¬â„¢. Where to put it? You should put it at the top of every page, so it can be easier to put it, using your word processor. You can program adding these components automatically onto each page;And something more about the running header. To create it, you should insert the number of pages on the right-hand side of your page. You don’t need to put the letters like ‘p.’ or ‘pg.’ in the front of the numbers of the pages. After that, only type the title of your work, moving it to the left. Use the capital letters here. You can also shorten your title if it is too long but on the first page, it has to be an entire version.The List Of Components Of The APA Paper Which Sections Your Paper Should Have?There are four major sections in APA papers and essays. Here they are:Title page;Abstract;Main body;Text citations and references.Title pageOn this page, there are two major pieces: title for research paper, the running head, your name (author’s name), a place where the study has taken place (institutional affiliation), and your personal notes. Remember that only a title page and a page header include the words ‘Running Head’. After these words, you need to write your title in all capitals, while other pages should not have this phrase in the page-header. Note that your title always shows the main idea of your work, and it should have neither excess words nor abbreviations. The title is always centered on your page and written in Times New Roman, size 12. What else to keep in mind? It is not allowed to underline, italicize or bold your title and, also, you should not include the names such Ms. or Dr. on your title and don’t forget to double-space all your text here like in the rest of your paper. You can type a title in one or two lines but remember that they shouldn’t be longer than 12 words. An institutional affiliation is a place attended the research.AbstractOn this page, you should begin with a ru nning title. When you are on the first line, center the word ‘Abstract’ without the excess marks, below, you need to write the main aim of your research. It has to be a summary of your experience in a particular field of study you write about. This way you represent the theme to your readers and make them familiar with the main questions of your research. You also include here your findings, the process you used, and, in the end, you add a conclusion, the summary needs to be double-spaced and it shouldn’t have more than 250 words. What else? Moreover, you can add the keywords from your paper to help the other researchers in finding this work in databases. The word ‘keywords’ should be written in italics, and after it, you need to list the keywords.The BodyWhen you work on the body of your work, start again with a running title and then write your title (without bolding, italicizing, or underlining). Write an introduction, where you show a problem and give a characterization to it. Here you can add more details and information about your research, then write a method in the new section, it should be bolded and centered. Here you need to describe the method you used in your research, show how your data was collected. In the new section, you should write about the results of your research and it is also bolded and centered – here you sum up your data and can use the graphs to show it. And in the end, you write a discussion. Like in other sections, it is also bolded and centered. Here you analyze and interpret your results, make a smart and clear conclusion and show the connections between your data and this conclusion. Write something about your hypothesis if it was confirmed or supported by your experiment. Show the limits of your study and say something about your future steps in this field of study (or about the future steps of other scientists).Text Citations And ReferencesStart a new page and write here your reference s. As usual, begin with a running title, and then, center and make bold this word, without using any excess marks. Do not use here the underlining, bolding or italicizing. Double-space all your entries and give a list of your references in an alphabetical order. Remember that every article or source that you have mentioned in your research paper, has to be referenced and it shouldn’t be without an entry. When you use citations, do not forget to mention the original source, books, and authors that you use in your paper. All words and ideas must be acknowledged in a proper way here. We hope, this article has helped you to understand how to write research papers in APA format style. These rules are quite easy. Besides, if you need some help with research paper wrting, we are ready to solve your problem!

The Best AP Environmental Science Notes to Study With

The Best AP Environmental Science Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It can be a challenge tostudy for any AP test, AP Environmental Science included. Because this class covers so many different areas, including science, law, and current events, it can be toughto keep your notes straight.Whether you’re missing some notes or you want them organized more clearly, this guide is for you. I’ve put together a list of links to AP Environmental Science notes and vocabulary that you can easily browse through to supplement your studying.I’ll also go over how to use these notes and end with tips to help make your studying more effective. How to Use These AP Environmental Science Notes The notes can be used for targeting studying throughout the course as well as your end of the year review for the AP exam.The notes don’t cover every topic on the AP Environmental Science Exam (particularly the Global Change section), so don’t rely on them exclusively for your studying.Supplement these notes with your notes from class, your textbook, and any review books you purchase. Using these notes gives you an organized way to sort through the material covered by the AP Environmental Science exam, and the vocabulary links can help you easily learn how well you know different terms and concepts commonly tested on the exam. While studying for the AP exam, you should also be regularly taking practice tests.Passive studying isn’t enough to earn a high score on the AP test; you want to make sure you’re actively engaging with the material and regularly checking your progress.We have an entireguide on practice test materialsthat you can use to choose the practice quiz or test you want to take. Early on in the year, you can use these notes in conjunction with practice tests by studying a certain topic or topics, then taking a practice quiz on that same topic to see how well you understood and retained the information from the notes. Later in the year, after taking complete practice tests, you can review the questions you missed to see which topics are your weakest, then find those topics in these notes and prioritize them in your studying. The AP Environmental Science Notes The notes are organized by the seven major topics the course covers. Within each major topic are more specific areas of focus.The notes below come from CourseNotes and give detailed outlines on their topic of focus.There’s no images or fancy formatting to increase the visual appeal of the notes, but they do a good job of covering the topic in-depth and separating the outline into different groups so you can quickly see which areas are covered. The vocabulary links also come from CourseNotes. They are organized by chapter from the 13th edition of the Living in the Environment textbook which is why they are slightly out of order when sorted by the seven major topics, as they are below. The vocabulary notes give brief definitions for each of the major keywords you need to know for AP Environmental Science. 1. Earth Systems and Resources Notes Earth Science Concepts The Atmosphere Environmental Philosophies Vocabulary Chapter 1: Environmental Issues, Their Causes, and Sustainability Chapter 2: Environmental History, an Overview Chapter 10: Geology 2. The Living World Notes Energy Flow Ecosystem Diversity Biological Communities Biomes Vocabulary Chapter 3: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Chapter 4: Ecosystems Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity Chapter 6: Biogeography Chapter 7: Aquatic Ecology Chapter 8: Community Ecology 3. Population Notes Population Biology Concepts Human Population Vocabulary Chapter 9: Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology Chapter 12: The Human Population 4. Land and Water Use Notes Agriculture Water Global Economics Vocabulary Chapter 13: Food Resources Chapter 14: Water Resources Chapter 15: Geologic Resources 5. Energy Resources and Consumption Notes Conventional Energy Sustainable Cities and Personal Action Sustainable Energy Vocabulary Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 6. Pollution Notes Pollution Types Air Pollution Water Pollution Impacts on the Environment and Human Health Vocabulary Chapter 11: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health Chapter 17: Air and Air Pollution Chapter 19: Water Pollution Chapter 21: Solid and Hazardous Waste 7. Global Change Notes Pests Vocabulary Chapter 18: Climate Change and Ozone Loss Chapter 20: Pesticides and Pest Control Chapter 22: Sustaining Wild Species Chapter 23: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity AP Environmental Science Formulas These short guides (also fromCourseNotes) include many of the common formulas you’ll use and need to understand for AP Environmental Science. Acid Rain Air Pollution Control and Prevention Air Pollution Formulas Ozone Formation and Destruction Photochemical Smog The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle Additional Notes These notes don’t fit into the seven major topics of the class, but they can also be useful for your studying. Major Environmental Laws The Environmental Laws notes also come from CourseNotes, and they give a brief overview of each of the most important environmental laws that have been passed in the United States. Complete Course Overview The Complete Course Overview is from Scribd, and it gives a summary of the entire AP Environmental Science course, organized by the seven major topics. It’s a lot of information to take in all at once, but if you’d like a document that touches on all the topics you need to know for the exam, this can be a very helpful resource. AP Environmental Science Study Strategies As I mentioned above, flipping passively through your notes isn’t enough to get a high score on the AP Environmental Science exam. Follow these study tips to help you get the most out of your review. Tip 1: Think About How Topics Are Related Knowing each topic in isolation won’t help you much on the AP Environmental Science exam. Even if you know every single fact about the water cycle, if you can’t explain how it relates to other earth processes, how it affects and is affected by humans, how it has been affected by climate change, and other connections, then you’ll miss a majority of questions on the exam. AP Environmental Science is a very interdisciplinary class, and one of the foundational themes of the class is that the Earth is an interconnected system.Many questions will ask you to make connections between multiple topics, so practice doing this when you’re reviewing your notes. If you’re studying the atmosphere, for example, think about how the atmosphere affects animal and plant life on earth, how it affects other earth cycles, how it affects human populations, what the causes and effects of air pollution are, how the atmosphere is influencing and being influenced by climate change, and the changes humans can make, related to the atmosphere, to increase sustainability. Tip 2: Don't Forget About Calculations On both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the exam, you’ll be asked to complete calculations, and these will have to be done by hand since you aren’t allowed a calculator for any part of the test.These calculations aren’t overly difficult (they’re mostly solving equations), but if you’re rusty on solving math problems by hand, you’ll want to practice this skill. Struggling or taking a long time to solve these calculation questions can easily eat into your time for other questions and prevent you from finishing the test. In order to prevent that, make sure you practice data set free-response questions and multiple-choice questions that require calculations.Looking through the Science Formulas notes above will also help you become more familiar with the calculations you may be asked to do on the exam. Tip 3: Know Major Environmental Events AP Environmental Science isn’t strictly a science class; it also includes recent and current events as well as some law, among other topics.Unlike the other AP science courses, you can’t just know the scientific aspects of environmental science;you also need to know about major environmental events. Studying the notes on Major Environmental Laws will help, and also use your notes fromclass to review other non-law environmental events.It can also be very helpful to keep up on the news and knowwhat the current major environmental issues are. Conclusion Having a set of organized notes can help you manage your AP Environmental Science studying much more easily and quickly access notes on topics you want to review.These notes cover topics from each of the course’s seven major topics, as well as vocabulary, relevant formulas, and major environmental laws. When reviewing your notes, be sure to keep these three tips in mind: Think about how topics are related Don't forget about calculations Know major environmental events What's Next? Now that you have your AP Enviro notes, how should you use them in your review? Check out this guide to see a step-by-step review plan for AP Environmental Science. Want some more practice tests and quizzes to enhance your studying? You've got it! We have a ton ofpractice resources for you to use to study for the AP Enviro exam, and, in the guide, we tell you whateach resource is best for. How many AP classes should you take? Learn exactly how many AP classes you should enroll in based on your interests and college goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: